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COVID-19 / SPECIALTY RESEARCH

CardiologyIn perspective.

The key COVID-19 findings in cardiology, distilled into a clear, readable brief. The evidence is here whenever you want to go deeper.

INSIDE THIS MONITOR
28cited sources
19available findings

Study findings updated

AI-assisted evidence summary. For general information. These findings are not individual medical advice or a clinician endorsement.

THE SHORT VERSION

What’s worth knowing.

The key findings, what they mean, and the context that matters.

THE HEADLINE TAKEAWAY63%

COVID-19 survivors had higher cardiovascular hazards than VA controls

In a comparison with VA controls, COVID-19 survivors had a 63% higher hazard of any cardiovascular outcome through 12 months. Hazards were also higher for heart failure, atrial fibrillation, heart attack and stroke.

Absolute event rates for this comparison are not available in this summary, and the study design is not recorded. The comparison with VA controls shows associations, not proof that infection caused each outcome.

See the evidence

Any cardiovascular outcome: higher hazard to 12 months in COVID-19 survivors vs VA controls

63%

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(3):583-590.

Citation [1]Original source in a new tab

Heart Failure

+72%
HR 1.72 (95% CI: 1.65-1.80)

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(3):583-590.

Citation [1]Original source in a new tab

Atrial Fibrillation

+71%
HR 1.71 (95% CI: 1.64-1.79)

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(3):583-590.

Citation [1]Original source in a new tab

Myocardial Infarction

+63%
HR 1.63 (95% CI: 1.51-1.75)

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(3):583-590.

Citation [1]Original source in a new tab

Stroke

+52%
HR 1.52 (95% CI: 1.43-1.62)

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(3):583-590.

Citation [1]Original source in a new tab
02

One-year serious outcomes were common after Omicron-era hospitalization

48.8% vs 49.3%; standardized risk difference -0.6%

Among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with COVID-19, the one-year composite of death from any cause or cardiovascular or blood-clot hospitalization was 48.8% in the Omicron era versus 49.3% before it.

The composite was 33.4% after historical influenza hospitalization. All-cause mortality was 34.2% in the Omicron era and 39.7% before it. The influenza comparator was historical; design details are not recorded.

See the evidence

One-year composite of all-cause death and hospitalization for cardiovascular or thromboembolic events among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era versus pre-Omicron COVID-19.

48.8% vs 49.3%; standardized risk difference -0.6%
95% CI: -0.8% to -0.3%

Decker, Sérgio R R et al.. Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Medicare Beneficiaries After COVID-19 Hospitalization During the Omicron Era.. Circulation. Population health and outcomes. 2026.

Added

Citation [26]Original source in a new tab

One-year composite of all-cause death and hospitalization for cardiovascular or thromboembolic events among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era COVID-19 versus a historical influenza hospitalization cohort.

48.8% vs 33.4%; risk difference 15.4%
15.1%-15.6%

Decker, Sérgio R R et al.. Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Medicare Beneficiaries After COVID-19 Hospitalization During the Omicron Era.. Circulation. Population health and outcomes. 2026.

Added

Citation [26]Original source in a new tab

One-year all-cause mortality among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era versus pre-Omicron COVID-19.

34.2% vs 39.7%; risk difference -5.5%
-5.7% to -5.3%

Decker, Sérgio R R et al.. Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Medicare Beneficiaries After COVID-19 Hospitalization During the Omicron Era.. Circulation. Population health and outcomes. 2026.

Added

Citation [26]Original source in a new tab
03

New cardiovascular diagnoses appeared in an Italian post-COVID cohort

10.9%

In a national Italian cohort of 1,734 people, 10.9% received a new cardiovascular diagnosis after COVID-19. Arrhythmias and pulmonary embolism were the most frequent listed diagnoses.

Age over 65 years, intensive care during acute infection and chronic pulmonary disease were associated with higher adjusted odds. A comparator and follow-up interval are not available in this summary.

See the evidence

Patients in the 1,734-person post-COVID cohort who received a new cardiovascular diagnosis

10.9%

Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

Added

Citation [28]Original source in a new tab

Frequencies of specific new cardiovascular diagnoses following COVID-19 in the cohort

Arrhythmias 3.0%; pulmonary embolism 2.6%; hypertension 2.4%; pericarditis 2.0%; heart failure 1.3%; venous thrombosis 1.3%; myocarditis 0.6%; ischaemic heart disease 0.3%

Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

Added

Citation [28]Original source in a new tab

Association between age over 65 years and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

adjusted OR 1.64
95% CI: 1.15-2.33

Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

Added

Citation [28]Original source in a new tab

Association between intensive care unit admission during acute infection and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

adjusted OR 1.85
95% CI: 1.08-3.17

Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

Added

Citation [28]Original source in a new tab

Association between chronic pulmonary disease and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

adjusted OR 1.76
95% CI: 1.02-3.06

Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

Added

Citation [28]Original source in a new tab
04

Primary analysis found no clear ejection-fraction benefit

After 16 weeks, the primary analysis found no established difference in ejection-fraction change between losartan plus prednisolone and placebo.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved people with post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation. A supportive baseline-adjusted analysis favored treatment but was explicitly subordinate to the neutral primary analysis.

See the evidence

Change in LV ejection fraction after 16 weeks of losartan plus prednisolone versus placebo; neutral in the primary unpaired t-test analysis.

Between-group difference 0.74 percentage points; p=0.10
95% CI: -0.14 to 1.62

Puntmann, Valentina O et al.. Losartan and prednisolone for post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Nature communications. 2026.

Added

Citation [27]Original source in a new tab

Supportive baseline-adjusted ANCOVA for change in LV ejection fraction; this result should remain subordinate to the neutral primary analysis.

Baseline-adjusted difference 0.99 percentage points; p=0.021
95% CI: 0.15-1.83

Puntmann, Valentina O et al.. Losartan and prednisolone for post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Nature communications. 2026.

Added

Citation [27]Original source in a new tab
05

COVID-associated Takotsubo had worse outcomes than matched cases

19%higher relative hazard

COVID-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy had a 19% higher relative hazard of one-year mortality than matched non-COVID cases; its one-year mortality rate was 22.0%.

This propensity-matched nationwide comparison applies only to people with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Higher hazards of cardiogenic shock, ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were also reported.

See the evidence

19% higher relative hazard, calculated from HR 1.19. This is not an absolute percentage-point difference.

One-year mortality in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.19
95% CI 1.10-1.29

Meyahnwi, Didien et al.. Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of COVID-19-Associated Versus Non-COVID-19 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Nationwide Study.. Cureus. 2026.

Citation [25]Original source in a new tab

One-year mortality rate in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

22.0%

Meyahnwi, Didien et al.. Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of COVID-19-Associated Versus Non-COVID-19 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Nationwide Study.. Cureus. 2026.

Citation [25]Original source in a new tab

Cardiogenic shock in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.25
95% CI 1.08-1.46

Meyahnwi, Didien et al.. Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of COVID-19-Associated Versus Non-COVID-19 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Nationwide Study.. Cureus. 2026.

Citation [25]Original source in a new tab

Ventricular arrhythmias in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.37
95% CI 1.14-1.64

Meyahnwi, Didien et al.. Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of COVID-19-Associated Versus Non-COVID-19 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Nationwide Study.. Cureus. 2026.

Citation [25]Original source in a new tab

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.18
95% CI 1.10-1.26

Meyahnwi, Didien et al.. Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of COVID-19-Associated Versus Non-COVID-19 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Nationwide Study.. Cureus. 2026.

Citation [25]Original source in a new tab

Study-specific findings. Different populations, treatments and follow-up periods can produce different results.

THE RESEARCH, AS IT ARRIVES

Latest studies.

The newest findings added to this collection.
The learning from each, already distilled.

  1. STUDY 01Findings added
    Cardiology
    TL;DR

    New cardiovascular diagnoses appeared in an Italian post-COVID cohort

    10.9%

    In a national Italian cohort of 1,734 people, 10.9% received a new cardiovascular diagnosis after COVID-19. Arrhythmias and pulmonary embolism were the most frequent listed diagnoses.

    Age over 65 years, intensive care during acute infection and chronic pulmonary disease were associated with higher adjusted odds. A comparator and follow-up interval are not available in this summary.

    Study details & original results

    Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

    Patients in the 1,734-person post-COVID cohort who received a new cardiovascular diagnosis

    10.9%

    Frequencies of specific new cardiovascular diagnoses following COVID-19 in the cohort

    Arrhythmias 3.0%; pulmonary embolism 2.6%; hypertension 2.4%; pericarditis 2.0%; heart failure 1.3%; venous thrombosis 1.3%; myocarditis 0.6%; ischaemic heart disease 0.3%

    Association between age over 65 years and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

    adjusted OR 1.64
    95% CI: 1.15-2.33

    Association between intensive care unit admission during acute infection and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

    adjusted OR 1.85
    95% CI: 1.08-3.17

    Association between chronic pulmonary disease and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

    adjusted OR 1.76
    95% CI: 1.02-3.06

    Citation in Cardiology
    One key learningRead original study in a new tab
  2. STUDY 02Findings added
    Cardiology
    TL;DR

    Primary analysis found no clear ejection-fraction benefit

    After 16 weeks, the primary analysis found no established difference in ejection-fraction change between losartan plus prednisolone and placebo.

    This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved people with post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation. A supportive baseline-adjusted analysis favored treatment but was explicitly subordinate to the neutral primary analysis.

    Study details & original results

    Puntmann, Valentina O et al.. Losartan and prednisolone for post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Nature communications. 2026.

    Change in LV ejection fraction after 16 weeks of losartan plus prednisolone versus placebo; neutral in the primary unpaired t-test analysis.

    Between-group difference 0.74 percentage points; p=0.10
    95% CI: -0.14 to 1.62

    Supportive baseline-adjusted ANCOVA for change in LV ejection fraction; this result should remain subordinate to the neutral primary analysis.

    Baseline-adjusted difference 0.99 percentage points; p=0.021
    95% CI: 0.15-1.83

    Citation in Cardiology
    One key learningRead original study in a new tab
  3. STUDY 03Findings added
    Cardiology
    TL;DR

    One-year serious outcomes were common after Omicron-era hospitalization

    48.8% vs 49.3%; standardized risk difference -0.6%

    Among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with COVID-19, the one-year composite of death from any cause or cardiovascular or blood-clot hospitalization was 48.8% in the Omicron era versus 49.3% before it.

    The composite was 33.4% after historical influenza hospitalization. All-cause mortality was 34.2% in the Omicron era and 39.7% before it. The influenza comparator was historical; design details are not recorded.

    Study details & original results

    Decker, Sérgio R R et al.. Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Medicare Beneficiaries After COVID-19 Hospitalization During the Omicron Era.. Circulation. Population health and outcomes. 2026.

    One-year composite of all-cause death and hospitalization for cardiovascular or thromboembolic events among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era versus pre-Omicron COVID-19.

    48.8% vs 49.3%; standardized risk difference -0.6%
    95% CI: -0.8% to -0.3%

    One-year composite of all-cause death and hospitalization for cardiovascular or thromboembolic events among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era COVID-19 versus a historical influenza hospitalization cohort.

    48.8% vs 33.4%; risk difference 15.4%
    15.1%-15.6%

    One-year all-cause mortality among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era versus pre-Omicron COVID-19.

    34.2% vs 39.7%; risk difference -5.5%
    -5.7% to -5.3%

    Citation in Cardiology
    One key learningRead original study in a new tab
3 of 3 study updates

Dates show when findings were added here, not when papers were published. Study populations and comparisons differ.

WHEN YOU WANT TO GO DEEPER
See all 19 findingsOriginal results, comparisons and study details.
5 of 5 source groupsFindings stay together with their study.
SOURCE 285 findings

Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

Read original source in a new tabView citation [28]

Patients in the 1,734-person post-COVID cohort who received a new cardiovascular diagnosis

Added
10.9%Source [28]

Frequencies of specific new cardiovascular diagnoses following COVID-19 in the cohort

Added
Arrhythmias 3.0%; pulmonary embolism 2.6%; hypertension 2.4%; pericarditis 2.0%; heart failure 1.3%; venous thrombosis 1.3%; myocarditis 0.6%; ischaemic heart disease 0.3%Source [28]
All 5 findings from this source

Association between age over 65 years and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

Added
adjusted OR 1.6495% CI: 1.15-2.33Source [28]

Association between intensive care unit admission during acute infection and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

Added
adjusted OR 1.8595% CI: 1.08-3.17Source [28]

Association between chronic pulmonary disease and a new cardiovascular diagnosis following COVID-19 in multivariable analysis

Added
adjusted OR 1.7695% CI: 1.02-3.06Source [28]
SOURCE 272 findings

Puntmann, Valentina O et al.. Losartan and prednisolone for post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Nature communications. 2026.

Read original source in a new tabView citation [27]

Change in LV ejection fraction after 16 weeks of losartan plus prednisolone versus placebo; neutral in the primary unpaired t-test analysis.

Added
Between-group difference 0.74 percentage points; p=0.1095% CI: -0.14 to 1.62Source [27]

Supportive baseline-adjusted ANCOVA for change in LV ejection fraction; this result should remain subordinate to the neutral primary analysis.

Added
Baseline-adjusted difference 0.99 percentage points; p=0.02195% CI: 0.15-1.83Source [27]
SOURCE 263 findings

Decker, Sérgio R R et al.. Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Medicare Beneficiaries After COVID-19 Hospitalization During the Omicron Era.. Circulation. Population health and outcomes. 2026.

Read original source in a new tabView citation [26]

One-year composite of all-cause death and hospitalization for cardiovascular or thromboembolic events among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era versus pre-Omicron COVID-19.

Added
48.8% vs 49.3%; standardized risk difference -0.6%95% CI: -0.8% to -0.3%Source [26]

One-year composite of all-cause death and hospitalization for cardiovascular or thromboembolic events among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era COVID-19 versus a historical influenza hospitalization cohort.

Added
48.8% vs 33.4%; risk difference 15.4%15.1%-15.6%Source [26]
All 3 findings from this source

One-year all-cause mortality among Medicare beneficiaries aged at least 65 years hospitalized with Omicron-era versus pre-Omicron COVID-19.

Added
34.2% vs 39.7%; risk difference -5.5%-5.7% to -5.3%Source [26]
SOURCE 014 findings

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(3):583-590.

Read original source in a new tabView citation [1]

Heart Failure

+72%HR 1.72 (95% CI: 1.65-1.80)Source [1]

Stroke

+52%HR 1.52 (95% CI: 1.43-1.62)Source [1]
All 4 findings from this source

Myocardial Infarction

+63%HR 1.63 (95% CI: 1.51-1.75)Source [1]

Atrial Fibrillation

+71%HR 1.71 (95% CI: 1.64-1.79)Source [1]
SOURCE 255 findings

Meyahnwi, Didien et al.. Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of COVID-19-Associated Versus Non-COVID-19 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Nationwide Study.. Cureus. 2026.

Read original source in a new tabView citation [25]

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.1895% CI 1.10-1.26Source [25]

Cardiogenic shock in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.2595% CI 1.08-1.46Source [25]
All 5 findings from this source

Ventricular arrhythmias in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.3795% CI 1.14-1.64Source [25]

One-year mortality in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

HR 1.1995% CI 1.10-1.29Source [25]

One-year mortality rate in COVID-19-associated Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

22.0%Source [25]
Browse the 28 original sourcesThe complete bibliography behind this monitor.
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    Open original source in a new tab
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    Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(11):2398-2405.

    Open original source in a new tab
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    Al-Aly Z, Bowe B, Xie Y. Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(7):1461-1467.

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    Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiology. 2020;5(11):1265-1273.

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    Meyahnwi, Didien et al.. Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of COVID-19-Associated Versus Non-COVID-19 Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Nationwide Study.. Cureus. 2026.

    Open original source in a new tab
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    Decker, Sérgio R R et al.. Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in US Medicare Beneficiaries After COVID-19 Hospitalization During the Omicron Era.. Circulation. Population health and outcomes. 2026.

    Open original source in a new tab
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    Puntmann, Valentina O et al.. Losartan and prednisolone for post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.. Nature communications. 2026.

    Open original source in a new tab
  28. [28]

    Floridia, Marco et al.. New Cardiovascular Diagnoses, Symptoms and Functional Status Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a National Cohort of 1,734 Patients in Italy.. Heart, lung & circulation. 2026.

    Open original source in a new tab
ABOUT THIS MONITOR

Understanding includes the limits.

This is an AI-assisted evidence summary, not a clinician endorsement. Read each original paper for its complete methods, population and limitations. Different studies can ask different questions and report different kinds of results.

Dates marked “added” describe when a finding entered this monitor, not when the study was published or clinically reviewed. Personal health and treatment decisions belong in a conversation with a qualified clinician.

How this monitor is made Report a correction
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