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Hematology
What the Latest Research Reveals
Data last updated: 35 studies cited
How this page is produced
Generated by the ModernDoc Research Monitor from peer-reviewed literature. Every statistic is automatically checked against its cited source and screened for retractions before it is published. This page is AI-generated and has not yet been reviewed by a clinician — it is not medical advice. Read how we build and check these pages.
27.9%
VTE incidence in COVID-19 ICU patients
— despite prophylactic anticoagulation
Source: Malas et al.. EClinicalMedicine (2020). 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.1006390
KEY FINDINGS
Pulmonary Embolism Risk
21.6x
95% CI: HR 21.6 (95% CI: 18.5-25.2)
Source [14]
Stroke Risk
7.6x
95% CI: HR 7.6 (95% CI: 6.4-9.0)
Source [14]
D-dimer >1 mcg/mL Mortality
18.4x
95% CI: OR 18.4 (95% CI: 2.6-128.6)
Source [11]
DIC in Non-Survivors
71.4%
95% CI: Fatal COVID-19 cases
Source [12]
All-cause mortality reduction with nebulized heparin in respiratory failure
RR 0.79
95% CI: 95% CI: 0.66-0.95
Source [34]
Mortality rate with nebulized heparin
17.1%
Source [34]
Mortality rate with standard care/placebo
22.1%
Source [34]
Ventilation-free days by day 28 with nebulized heparin
+4.85 ventilation-free days
95% CI: 95% CI: 1.47-8.24
Source [34]
Major bleeding with nebulized heparin vs control (non-significant)
RR 1.48
95% CI: 95% CI: 0.42-5.18
Source [34]
Organ support-free days with intermediate-dose heparin vs. standard low-dose
OR 1.06
95% CI: 95% credible interval: 0.87, 1.30
Source [35]
Hospital survival with intermediate-dose heparin
77.1%
Source [35]
Hospital survival with standard low-dose heparin
76.7%
Source [35]
Major bleeding with intermediate-dose heparin
1.7%
Source [35]
Major bleeding with standard low-dose heparin
2.1%
Source [35]
THE TIMELINE
Acute Phase
0-14 days
Subacute Phase
2-6 weeks
Chronic Phase
2-6 months
Long-Term
>6 months
Acute Phase
0-14 days
Days 7-14; peak VTE risk in first 2 weeks
Key Event
D-dimer peak
VTE Rates: COVID-19 vs Pre-Pandemic
COVID-19 ICU25-31%
Pre-COVID ICU10-15%
Source: Malas et al., EClinicalMedicine 2020 vs historical data
Cumulative Coagulopathy Risk with Reinfection
1 infection+HR 2.1
2 infections+HR 2.9
3+ infections+HR 3.7+
“No apparent immunity to coagulation derangements with reinfection”
THE HOPEFUL HORIZON
- Therapeutic anticoagulation improves survival in moderately ill patients (OR 1.27 for survival)[5]
- Post-discharge prophylaxis reduces symptomatic VTE from 3.7% to 0.2% in high-risk patients[10]
- Vaccination reduces severe disease and associated coagulopathy burden[27]
- D-dimer normalization occurs in 85-90% of patients by 4 months
SOURCES
- [1]Malas MB, Naazie IN, Elsayed N, et al. Thromboembolism risk of COVID-19 is high and associated with a higher risk of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29-30:100639. DOI (opens in new tab)
- [2]Nopp S, Moik F, Jilma B, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020;4(7):1178-1191. DOI (opens in new tab)
- [3]Jimenez D, Garcia-Sanchez A, Rali P, et al. Incidence of VTE and Bleeding Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Chest. 2021;159(3):1182-1196. DOI (opens in new tab)
- [4]Suh YJ, Hong H, Ohana M, et al. Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Radiology. 2021;298(2):E70-E80. DOI (opens in new tab)
- [5]REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, ATTACC Investigators. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(9):777-789. DOI (opens in new tab)
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