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COVID-19 / SPECIALTY RESEARCH

RheumatologyIn perspective.

The key COVID-19 findings in rheumatology, distilled into a clear, readable brief. The evidence is here whenever you want to go deeper.

INSIDE THIS MONITOR
25cited sources
4available findings

Study findings updated

AI-assisted evidence summary. For general information. These findings are not individual medical advice or a clinician endorsement.

THE SHORT VERSION

What’s worth knowing.

The key findings, what they mean, and the context that matters.

THE HEADLINE TAKEAWAY

COVID-19 was linked to increased autoimmune disease risk

A retrospective cohort study reported increased risk of autoimmune diseases affecting multiple organ systems after COVID-19.

The study concerned patients with COVID-19. The named reference group, follow-up and exact risk measure behind the reported percentage are not available in this summary.

See the evidence

Increased risk of autoimmune disease after COVID-19

43%

Chang R, Yen-Ting Chen T, Wang SI, Hung YM, Chen HY, Wei CJ. Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine (Lancet). 2023;56:101783.

02

Several rheumatic diagnoses showed increases across separate reports

A matched cohort study linked SARS-CoV-2 infection to an increase in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Separate publications reported increased inflammatory myopathy associated with COVID-19 and increased new-onset systemic lupus following COVID-19 diagnosis.

These are separate results, not head-to-head comparisons. The summaries do not provide enough population, comparator or follow-up detail to compare their reported magnitudes.

See the evidence

Rheumatoid Arthritis

+98%
HR 1.98 (95% CI: 1.72-2.28)

Tesch F, Ehm F, Vivirito A, et al. Incident autoimmune diseases in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a matched cohort study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2023;82:1423-1430.

Inflammatory Myopathy

+117%
HR 2.17 (95% CI: 1.41-3.35)

Saud A, Naveen R, Aggarwal R, Gupta L. COVID-19 and myositis: what we know so far. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2023;134:102935.

Systemic Lupus

+62%
HR 1.62 (95% CI: 1.31-2.01)

Gracia-Ramos AE, Martin-Nares E, Hernandez-Molina G. New onset of autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 diagnosis. RMD Open. 2023;9:e002730.

03

Antiphospholipid antibodies were detected in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

52%

Antiphospholipid antibodies were detected in 52% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

The percentage measures antibody prevalence, not the proportion with blood clots or a rheumatic diagnosis. The study design is not recorded in this summary.

See the evidence

Antiphospholipid Antibodies

52%
Prevalence in hospitalized patients (95% CI: 44-60%)

Zuo Y, Estes SK, Ali RA, et al. Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Science Translational Medicine. 2020;12:eabd3876.

Study-specific findings. Different populations, treatments and follow-up periods can produce different results.

THE RESEARCH, AS IT ARRIVES

Latest studies.

The newest findings added to this collection.
The learning from each, already distilled.

Study summaries are not available in this collection yet. The original evidence remains accessible in each monitor.

Dates show when findings were added here, not when papers were published. Study populations and comparisons differ.

WHEN YOU WANT TO GO DEEPER
See all 4 findingsOriginal results, comparisons and study details.
4 of 4 source groupsFindings stay together with their study.
SOURCE 041 finding

Tesch F, Ehm F, Vivirito A, et al. Incident autoimmune diseases in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a matched cohort study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2023;82:1423-1430.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

+98%HR 1.98 (95% CI: 1.72-2.28)Source [4]
SOURCE 071 finding

Zuo Y, Estes SK, Ali RA, et al. Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Science Translational Medicine. 2020;12:eabd3876.

Antiphospholipid Antibodies

52%Prevalence in hospitalized patients (95% CI: 44-60%)Source [7]
Browse the 25 original sourcesThe complete bibliography behind this monitor.
  1. [1]

    Chang R, Yen-Ting Chen T, Wang SI, Hung YM, Chen HY, Wei CJ. Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine (Lancet). 2023;56:101783.

    Open original source in a new tab
  2. [2]

    Gracia-Ramos AE, Martin-Nares E, Hernandez-Molina G. New onset of autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 diagnosis. RMD Open. 2023;9:e002730.

    Open original source in a new tab
  3. [3]

    Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2023;21:133-146.

    Open original source in a new tab
  4. [4]

    Tesch F, Ehm F, Vivirito A, et al. Incident autoimmune diseases in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a matched cohort study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2023;82:1423-1430.

    Open original source in a new tab
  5. [5]

    Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2022;28:583-590.

    Open original source in a new tab
  6. [6]

    Saud A, Naveen R, Aggarwal R, Gupta L. COVID-19 and myositis: what we know so far. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2023;134:102935.

    Open original source in a new tab
  7. [7]

    Zuo Y, Estes SK, Ali RA, et al. Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Science Translational Medicine. 2020;12:eabd3876.

    Open original source in a new tab
  8. [8]

    Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, et al. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science. 2020;370:eabd4585.

    Open original source in a new tab
  9. [9]

    Wang EY, Mao T, Klein J, et al. Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19. Nature. 2021;595:283-288.

    Open original source in a new tab
  10. [10]

    Sparks JA, Wallace ZS, Engel AE, et al. COVID-19 and flares in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2022;81:e208.

    Open original source in a new tab
  11. [11]

    Strangfeld A, Schafer M, Gianfrancesco MA, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic diseases: results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2021;80:930-942.

    Open original source in a new tab
  12. [12]

    Hyrich KL, Machado PM. Rheumatic disease and COVID-19: epidemiology and outcomes. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2021;17:71-72.

    Open original source in a new tab
  13. [13]

    Kanduc D, Shoenfeld Y. Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and mammalian proteomes: implications for the vaccine. Immunologic Research. 2020;68:310-313.

    Open original source in a new tab
  14. [14]

    Vojdani A, Kharrazian D. Potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases. Clinical Immunology. 2020;217:108480.

    Open original source in a new tab
  15. [15]

    Woodruff MC, Ramonell RP, Nguyen DC, et al. Extrafollicular B cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19. Nature Immunology. 2020;21:1506-1516.

    Open original source in a new tab
  16. [16]

    American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance for Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Updated 2023.

    Original source link unavailable
  17. [17]

    Landewe RB, Kroon FPB, Alunno A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management and vaccination of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2: the November 2021 update. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2022;81:1628-1639.

    Open original source in a new tab
  18. [18]

    Al-Aly Z, Bowe B, Xie Y. Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Medicine. 2022;28:1461-1467.

    Open original source in a new tab
  19. [19]

    Subramanian A, Nirantharakumar K, Hughes S, et al. Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults. Nature Medicine. 2022;28:1706-1714.

    Open original source in a new tab
  20. [20]

    Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S, et al. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2020;79:859-866.

    Open original source in a new tab
  21. [21]

    Pego-Reigosa JM, Restrepo Velez J, Baldini C, et al. COVID-19 in systemic lupus erythematosus: registry data from SLE patients followed in Spain. Lupus. 2022;31:1249-1258.

    Original source link unavailable
  22. [22]

    Borghi MO, Beltagy A, Garrafa E, et al. Anti-phospholipid antibodies in COVID-19 are different from those detectable in the anti-phospholipid syndrome. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:584241.

    Open original source in a new tab
  23. [23]

    Knight JS, Caricchio R, Casanova JL, et al. The intersection of COVID-19 and autoimmunity. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2021;131:e154886.

    Open original source in a new tab
  24. [24]

    Galeotti C, Bayry J. Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases following COVID-19. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2020;16:413-414.

    Open original source in a new tab
  25. [25]

    Ehrenfeld M, Tincani A, Andreoli L, et al. COVID-19 and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020;19:102597.

    Open original source in a new tab
ABOUT THIS MONITOR

Understanding includes the limits.

This is an AI-assisted evidence summary, not a clinician endorsement. Read each original paper for its complete methods, population and limitations. Different studies can ask different questions and report different kinds of results.

Dates marked “added” describe when a finding entered this monitor, not when the study was published or clinically reviewed. Personal health and treatment decisions belong in a conversation with a qualified clinician.

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