The key COVID-19 findings in vaccinology, distilled into a clear, readable brief. The evidence is here whenever you want to go deeper.
INSIDE THIS MONITOR
48cited sources
59available findings
Study findings updated
AI-assisted evidence summary. For general information. These findings are not individual medical advice or a clinician endorsement.
THE SHORT VERSION
What’s worth knowing.
The key findings, what they mean, and the context that matters.
THE HEADLINE TAKEAWAY
Omicron-adapted vaccines: severe-outcome benefits and a myocarditis signal
Versus no Omicron-adapted vaccination, reported effectiveness ranged 16.6% to 67.8% for COVID-19 hospitalization and 26.6% to 75.2% for all-cause mortality. A myocarditis incidence signal was also reported.
Rapid review of adults who were neither pregnant nor immunocompromised. The myocarditis signal involved adults aged 50 years or older. Its uncertainty range was wide and included no increase; its reference group and absolute rate are unavailable here.
See the evidence
Vaccine effectiveness for COVID-19-related hospitalization with Omicron-adapted vaccination vs. no Omicron-adapted vaccination
16.6% to 67.8% 95% CI, 6.5% to 25.8% and 95% CI, 63.1% to 72.5%
Dobrescu, Andreea et al.. Effectiveness, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.. Annals of internal medicine. 2026.
Vaccine effectiveness for all-cause mortality with Omicron-adapted vaccination vs. no Omicron-adapted vaccination
26.6% to 75.2% 95% CI, 5.5% to 42.3% and 95% CI, 70.6% to 79.9%
Dobrescu, Andreea et al.. Effectiveness, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.. Annals of internal medicine. 2026.
Myocarditis risk increase with Omicron-adapted vaccination in adults aged 50 years or older
IRR 2.7 95% CI, 1.0 to 7.0
Dobrescu, Andreea et al.. Effectiveness, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.. Annals of internal medicine. 2026.
Vaccination helped, yet immunosuppressed adults had higher residual risk
Among adults on included immunosuppressive therapies, pooled vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization versus no vaccination was 88.4%. Hospitalization risk was still higher than in vaccinated healthy adults.
This systematic review and meta-analysis excluded organ transplant recipients. Heterogeneity was high in both hospitalization comparisons, limiting how uniformly the estimates apply.
See the evidence
Pooled vaccine effectiveness versus no vaccination against hospitalisation among adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies; organ transplant recipients were excluded and heterogeneity was high (I²=73.9%).
88.4% 95% CI: 82.8%-92.3%
Stadler, Eva et al.. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in people on immunosuppressive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. The Lancet. Microbe. 2026.
Risk of hospitalisation among vaccinated adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies compared with vaccinated healthy individuals; heterogeneity was high (I²=85.5%).
RR 3.72 95% CI: 1.63-8.47
Stadler, Eva et al.. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in people on immunosuppressive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. The Lancet. Microbe. 2026.
Patients with at least two doses had lower Long COVID risk
16%lower relative risk
Patients receiving at least two vaccine doses had 16% lower relative risk of Long COVID than patients receiving zero doses.
This is an adjusted relative-risk association, not an absolute percentage-point reduction. The dose-count result does not state vaccination timing relative to acute COVID-19 in this summary.
See the evidence
16% lower relative risk, calculated from aRR 0.84. This is not an absolute percentage-point difference.
Long COVID risk among vaccinated patients receiving at least two doses versus unvaccinated patients receiving zero doses
aRR 0.84 0.81-0.88
Butzin-Dozier, Zachary et al.. COVID-19 vaccination timing, relative to acute COVID-19, and subsequent risk of long COVID.. EBioMedicine. 2026.
Later JN.1 hospitalization protection was not established
At 2 to <30 weeks after a BNT162b2 XBB:1.5-adapted dose, effectiveness against JN.1 hospitalization was supported; at 30 to <46 weeks, the estimate did not establish effectiveness.
European test-negative case-control study. The vaccine-effectiveness reference group is not available in this summary, so percentages are omitted. At 30 to <46 weeks, the reported confidence interval included no vaccine effectiveness; this does not prove protection was absent.
See the evidence
Vaccine effectiveness against JN.1-related hospitalization at 30 to <46 weeks since dose
4.9% 95% CI: -30.3; 30.7
Volkman, Hannah R et al.. Durability of the BNT162b2 XBB:1.5-adapted vaccine against JN.1 hospitalisation in Europe, October 2023 to August 2024: A test-negative case-control study using the id.DRIVE platform.. PloS one. 2026.
Vaccine effectiveness against JN.1-related hospitalization at 2 to <30 weeks since dose
64.5% 95% CI: 56.6; 71.0
Volkman, Hannah R et al.. Durability of the BNT162b2 XBB:1.5-adapted vaccine against JN.1 hospitalisation in Europe, October 2023 to August 2024: A test-negative case-control study using the id.DRIVE platform.. PloS one. 2026.
Observational effectiveness estimates often had serious bias concerns
78% (1591 results)
A living review judged 78% of 1591 observational vaccine-effectiveness results during Omicron predominance at serious risk of bias, mainly from other differences between groups. Swedish findings separately suggested health-related differences in who received vaccination.
The Swedish analysis concerned adults aged 65 years or older and 2024-2025 JN.1-adapted COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization; it was a bias signal, not a corrected estimate.
See the evidence
Serious risk of bias among observational estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during Omicron predominance; the principal concern was confounding
78% (1591 results)
Kazi, Fatema et al.. Implications for future pandemics from a living systematic review and critical evaluation of observational studies of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against the Omicron variant.. Vaccine. 2026.
Reported observational effectiveness of the 2024-2025 JN.1-adapted COVID-19 vaccine against COVID-19-related hospitalization among Swedish adults aged 65 years or older; the study's negative-control results suggest this estimate may be affected by healthy-vaccinee selection.
75% 95% CI: 70%-79%
Lyth, Johan et al.. Healthy vaccinee effect in the evaluation of updated COVID-19 vaccines in elderly populations.. Nature communications. 2026.
Vaccination helped, but immunosuppressed adults had higher risks
Among adults on included immunosuppressive therapies, pooled hospitalization effectiveness versus no vaccination was 88.4%. Versus vaccinated healthy adults, vaccinated patients had higher infection, hospitalization and death risks.
The systematic review and meta-analysis excluded organ transplant recipients, and heterogeneity was high for all comparisons summarized here.
Study details & original results
Stadler, Eva et al.. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in people on immunosuppressive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. The Lancet. Microbe. 2026.
Pooled vaccine effectiveness versus no vaccination against hospitalisation among adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies; organ transplant recipients were excluded and heterogeneity was high (I²=73.9%).
88.4% 95% CI: 82.8%-92.3%
Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies compared with vaccinated healthy individuals; heterogeneity was high (I²=89.7%).
RR 1.57 95% CI: 1.25-1.96
Risk of hospitalisation among vaccinated adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies compared with vaccinated healthy individuals; heterogeneity was high (I²=85.5%).
RR 3.72 95% CI: 1.63-8.47
Risk of death among vaccinated adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies compared with vaccinated healthy individuals; heterogeneity was high (I²=75.2%).
Higher antibodies tracked with less progression to severe COVID-19
Each 10-fold increase in vaccine-induced neutralising antibody titres was associated with lower risk of progressing from SARS-CoV-2 infection to hospital admission or intensive care.
Antibody titres and clinical outcomes were measured in different studies, and unmeasured confounding was possible. The association does not establish that raising titres itself changes clinical outcomes.
Study details & original results
Elias, Karen M et al.. Neutralising antibodies and protection from progression to severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis.. PLoS medicine. 2026.
Association between vaccine-induced neutralising antibody titres and progression from SARS-CoV-2 infection to severe COVID-19 (hospital or ICU admission); p<0.001. Neutralisation titres and clinical outcomes were measured in different studies, with possible unmeasured confounding.
RR 0.57 per 10-fold increase in GMT 95% CI: 0.51-0.64
Many Omicron effectiveness results had serious bias concerns
78% (1591 results)
The living review judged 78% of 1591 observational COVID-19 vaccine-effectiveness results during Omicron predominance at serious risk of bias, mainly because other differences between groups could affect the estimates.
This evaluates the reliability of observational estimates rather than measuring a single clinical benefit or harm.
Study details & original results
Kazi, Fatema et al.. Implications for future pandemics from a living systematic review and critical evaluation of observational studies of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against the Omicron variant.. Vaccine. 2026.
Serious risk of bias among observational estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during Omicron predominance; the principal concern was confounding
No clear infection-effectiveness difference between KP.3.1.1 and XEC
No clear difference
A direct comparison found no clear difference between JN.1 vaccine effectiveness against KP.3.1.1 infection and against XEC infection.
Power was low; the direct-comparison interval included no difference and did not prove equal effectiveness. Over the 5-month low-incidence period, effectiveness was supported in those aged 60 years or older. For eligible younger participants with a medical risk condition or who were healthcare workers, the interval included no vaccine effectiveness; reference groups are unavailable.
Study details & original results
Huiberts, Anne J et al.. Effectiveness of Omicron JN.1 vaccination against infection with JN.1-derived SARS-CoV-2 subvariants in a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands.. Vaccine. 2026.
Direct comparison of variant-specific effectiveness against KP.3.1.1 infection (VE 27%; n=251) and XEC infection (VE 5%; n=195). The difference was not statistically significant, and the abstract states that power to detect a difference was low.
OR 1.3 0.8-2.1
JN.1 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection among participants aged 60 years or older during the 5-month low-incidence study period.
13% 95% CI: 2% to 23%
JN.1 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccine-eligible participants younger than 60 years, who had a medical risk condition or were healthcare workers, during the 5-month low-incidence study period; the confidence interval included no effectiveness.
16% 95% CI: -11% to 36%
The reported result does not establish a difference; it does not prove equivalence.
Dates show when findings were added here, not when papers were published. Study populations and comparisons differ.
WHEN YOU WANT TO GO DEEPERSee all 59 findingsOriginal results, comparisons and study details.
22 of 22 source groupsFindings stay together with their study.
SOURCE 485 findings
Stadler, Eva et al.. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in people on immunosuppressive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. The Lancet. Microbe. 2026.
Vaccine effectiveness versus no vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection with pre-Omicron variants after three vaccinations among adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies; organ transplant recipients were excluded and heterogeneity was high (I²=96.8%).
Pooled vaccine effectiveness versus no vaccination against hospitalisation among adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies; organ transplant recipients were excluded and heterogeneity was high (I²=73.9%).
Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies compared with vaccinated healthy individuals; heterogeneity was high (I²=89.7%).
Risk of hospitalisation among vaccinated adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies compared with vaccinated healthy individuals; heterogeneity was high (I²=85.5%).
Risk of death among vaccinated adults receiving included immunosuppressive therapies compared with vaccinated healthy individuals; heterogeneity was high (I²=75.2%).
Association between vaccine-induced neutralising antibody titres and progression from SARS-CoV-2 infection to severe COVID-19 (hospital or ICU admission); p<0.001. Neutralisation titres and clinical outcomes were measured in different studies, with possible unmeasured confounding.
Added
RR 0.57 per 10-fold increase in GMT95% CI: 0.51-0.64Source [47]
SOURCE 461 finding
Kazi, Fatema et al.. Implications for future pandemics from a living systematic review and critical evaluation of observational studies of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against the Omicron variant.. Vaccine. 2026.
Serious risk of bias among observational estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during Omicron predominance; the principal concern was confounding
Huiberts, Anne J et al.. Effectiveness of Omicron JN.1 vaccination against infection with JN.1-derived SARS-CoV-2 subvariants in a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands.. Vaccine. 2026.
JN.1 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccine-eligible participants younger than 60 years, who had a medical risk condition or were healthcare workers, during the 5-month low-incidence study period; the confidence interval included no effectiveness.
Direct comparison of variant-specific effectiveness against KP.3.1.1 infection (VE 27%; n=251) and XEC infection (VE 5%; n=195). The difference was not statistically significant, and the abstract states that power to detect a difference was low.
Reported observational effectiveness of the 2024-2025 JN.1-adapted COVID-19 vaccine against COVID-19-related hospitalization among Swedish adults aged 65 years or older; the study's negative-control results suggest this estimate may be affected by healthy-vaccinee selection.
SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad et al.. Risk Factors of the Spread of COVID-19 in Prisoners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2026.
Tharmaraj, Dhakshayini et al.. Critical role of vaccination in preventing severe coronavirus disease 2019: perspectives from clinical outcomes in an Australian kidney transplant recipient cohort.. Internal medicine journal. 2026.
Association of each additional vaccine dose with severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization among kidney transplant recipients during the Delta and Omicron BA.1/BA.2 waves
Added
aHR 0.50 per additional vaccine dose95% CI: 0.40-0.65Source [42]
SOURCE 414 findings
de Padua, Marina Coelho et al.. Effectiveness of BNT162B2 and CoronaVac vaccines in reducing COVID-19 severity among children aged 3-4 years in Brazil.. Vaccine. 2026.
Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalization after 1 dose among children aged 3 to 4 years in Brazil during the Omicron period; vaccination was predominantly with CoronaVac, and direct comparison with BNT162b2 was not feasible because of the lower proportion of BNT162b2 recipients.
Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalization after completion of the 2-dose primary series among children aged 3 to 4 years in Brazil during the Omicron period; vaccination was predominantly with CoronaVac, and direct comparison with BNT162b2 was not feasible because of the lower proportion of BNT162b2 recipients.
Vaccine effectiveness against invasive mechanical ventilation after 1 dose among children aged 3 to 4 years in Brazil during the Omicron period; vaccination was predominantly with CoronaVac, and direct comparison with BNT162b2 was not feasible because of the lower proportion of BNT162b2 recipients.
Vaccine effectiveness against invasive mechanical ventilation after completion of the 2-dose primary series among children aged 3 to 4 years in Brazil during the Omicron period; vaccination was predominantly with CoronaVac, and direct comparison with BNT162b2 was not feasible because of the lower proportion of BNT162b2 recipients.
Blake, Alexandre et al.. Adapted XBB.1.5 vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes among immunocompromised persons in 2023-24 in six European countries: a VEBIS-EHR network study.. Expert review of vaccines. 2026.
Fitz-Patrick, David et al.. Immunogenicity, Tolerability, and Safety of BA.1-Adapted BNT162b2 Vaccine in 18- to 55-Year-Olds Previously Vaccinated with BNT162b2 or Who Were COVID-19 Vaccine-Naive.. Infectious diseases and therapy. 2026.
Omicron BA.1 neutralizing titers one month after one BNT162b2-BA.1 dose versus one original BNT162b2 dose in previously vaccinated adults aged 18 to 55 years
Omicron BA.1 neutralizing titers one month after two BNT162b2-BA.1 doses versus one original BNT162b2 dose in previously vaccinated adults aged 18 to 55 years
Tartof SY, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA. Lancet. 2021;398(10309):1407-1416.
Bobrovitz N, et al. Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(5):556-567.
Volkman, Hannah R et al.. Durability of the BNT162b2 XBB:1.5-adapted vaccine against JN.1 hospitalisation in Europe, October 2023 to August 2024: A test-negative case-control study using the id.DRIVE platform.. PloS one. 2026.
Barboza, Ana Paula Bandeira et al.. Protective effect of a second booster dose against long COVID among individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in southeastern Brazil.. Vaccine. 2026.
Qian, Jiahui et al.. New-onset diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Omicron era: a matched cohort study.. International journal of epidemiology. 2026.
Dobrescu, Andreea et al.. Effectiveness, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.. Annals of internal medicine. 2026.
Wiegand, Ryan E et al.. Interim Estimated Effectiveness of 2025-2026 COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Using a Test-Negative Design.. JAMA network open. 2026.
Notarte KI, et al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of developing long-COVID and on existing long-COVID symptoms: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;53:101624.
Watanabe A, et al. Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2023;41(11):1783-1790.
Original source link unavailable
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Polack FP, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-2615.
Antonelli M, et al. Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):43-55.
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Bowe B, et al. Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(11):2398-2405.
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Dan JM, et al. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science. 2021;371(6529):eabf4063.
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Goel RR, et al. mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Science. 2021;374(6572):abm0829.
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Wang Z, et al. Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection. Nature. 2021;595(7867):426-431.
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Sokal A, et al. mRNA vaccination of naive and COVID-19-recovered individuals elicits potent memory B cells that recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants. Immunity. 2021;54(12):2893-2907.
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Tartof SY, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA. Lancet. 2021;398(10309):1407-1416.
Original source link unavailable
[17]
Chemaitelly H, et al. Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar. Nature Communications. 2022;13(1):3082.
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Lin DY, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines over a 9-Month Period in North Carolina. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(10):933-941.
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Link-Gelles R, et al. Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Booster Dose Vaccine Effectiveness. MMWR. 2022;71(48):1526-1530.
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[20]
Andrews N, et al. Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(16):1532-1546.
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Tseng HF, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. Nature Medicine. 2022;28(5):1063-1071.
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Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Effect of mRNA Vaccine Boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection in Qatar. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(19):1804-1816.
Original source link unavailable
[23]
Bobrovitz N, et al. Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(5):556-567.
Original source link unavailable
[24]
Altarawneh HN, et al. Protection by previous infection and vaccination against the Omicron variant. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(13):1288-1290.
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Hall V, et al. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous Infection. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(13):1207-1220.
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Thaweethai T, et al. Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA. 2023;329(22):1934-1946.
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Ballering AV, et al. Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands. Lancet. 2022;400(10350):452-461.
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Ma, Kevin C et al. Estimated Effectiveness of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccination Against Severe COVID-19. JAMA Network Open. 2026.
Volkman, Hannah R et al.. Durability of the BNT162b2 XBB:1.5-adapted vaccine against JN.1 hospitalisation in Europe, October 2023 to August 2024: A test-negative case-control study using the id.DRIVE platform.. PloS one. 2026.
Barboza, Ana Paula Bandeira et al.. Protective effect of a second booster dose against long COVID among individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in southeastern Brazil.. Vaccine. 2026.
Qian, Jiahui et al.. New-onset diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Omicron era: a matched cohort study.. International journal of epidemiology. 2026.
Dobrescu, Andreea et al.. Effectiveness, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.. Annals of internal medicine. 2026.
Wiegand, Ryan E et al.. Interim Estimated Effectiveness of 2025-2026 COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Using a Test-Negative Design.. JAMA network open. 2026.
Fitz-Patrick, David et al.. Immunogenicity, Tolerability, and Safety of BA.1-Adapted BNT162b2 Vaccine in 18- to 55-Year-Olds Previously Vaccinated with BNT162b2 or Who Were COVID-19 Vaccine-Naive.. Infectious diseases and therapy. 2026.
Blake, Alexandre et al.. Adapted XBB.1.5 vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes among immunocompromised persons in 2023-24 in six European countries: a VEBIS-EHR network study.. Expert review of vaccines. 2026.
de Padua, Marina Coelho et al.. Effectiveness of BNT162B2 and CoronaVac vaccines in reducing COVID-19 severity among children aged 3-4 years in Brazil.. Vaccine. 2026.
Tharmaraj, Dhakshayini et al.. Critical role of vaccination in preventing severe coronavirus disease 2019: perspectives from clinical outcomes in an Australian kidney transplant recipient cohort.. Internal medicine journal. 2026.
SeyedAlinaghi, SeyedAhmad et al.. Risk Factors of the Spread of COVID-19 in Prisoners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2026.
Huiberts, Anne J et al.. Effectiveness of Omicron JN.1 vaccination against infection with JN.1-derived SARS-CoV-2 subvariants in a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands.. Vaccine. 2026.
Kazi, Fatema et al.. Implications for future pandemics from a living systematic review and critical evaluation of observational studies of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against the Omicron variant.. Vaccine. 2026.
Stadler, Eva et al.. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in people on immunosuppressive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. The Lancet. Microbe. 2026.
This is an AI-assisted evidence summary, not a clinician endorsement. Read each original paper for its complete methods, population and limitations. Different studies can ask different questions and report different kinds of results.
Dates marked “added” describe when a finding entered this monitor, not when the study was published or clinically reviewed. Personal health and treatment decisions belong in a conversation with a qualified clinician.